SOCIAL BARRIERS TO RENEWABLE ENERGY LANDSCAPES*   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

MARTIN J. PASQUALETTI 《Geographical review》2011,101(2):201-223

After many years of slow progress, we find that worldwide environmental, political, and economic pressures are providing greater purchase for the accelerated development of renewable energy. Although many people would consider this quickening pace good news, the transition from conventional resources has encountered public resistance. In this article I examine the nature of challenges to the development of geothermal, wind, and solar energy projects in three places: the United States, Scotland, and Mexico. The common thread in the public reservations about renewable energy is landscape change and the consequent disruption such change produces to established ways of life for those who are nearby. It also suggests the importance of rebalancing the emphasis of renewable energy programs away from the traditional technical focus that dominates development planning. The more suitable and expedient approach would be to consider the challenges of development as predominantly social matters with technical components, rather than the other way around. To accept this view is to unlock the door to a renewable energy future.  相似文献   

Desertification in the Sahel: Towards better accounting for ecosystem dynamics in the interpretation of remote sensing images   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

L. Hein  N. de RidderP. Hiernaux  R. LeemansA. de Wit  M. Schaepman 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(11):1164-1172

To date, the interpretation of remote sensing images has not revealed wide-spread degradation of the vegetation in the Sahel. However, the interpretation of spectral information depends on a range of assumptions regarding the dynamics of the Sahelian vegetation as a function of rainfall variability and human management. Recent papers have presented diverging views on the vegetation dynamics of the Sahel and how these can be analysed with remote sensing images. We present a further analysis of the vegetation dynamics of semi-arid rangelands, in particular the Sahel, and the subsequent implications for the interpretation of remote sensing images. Specifically, the ecological processes driving the response of the Sahelian vegetation to rainfall variation are re-examined, and a regression analysis of NPP versus rainfall data is carried out. It is shown that the relation between the interannual variation in NPP and rainfall in the Sahel is non-linear and that this relation differs between sites with different average annual rainfall. It has been common practise in remote sensing studies for the Sahel to aggregate data from various Sahelian sites in order to obtain an average relation between rainfall, NPP and Rain Use Efficiency, and to assume these relations to be linear. This paper shows that this approach may lead to a bias in the interpretation of remote sensing images and that further work is required to clarify if wide-spread ecosystem degradation has occurred in the Sahel.  相似文献   

Water relations and hydraulic architecture of two Patagonian steppe shrubs: Effect of slope orientation and microclimate     

Patricia A. Iogna  Sandra J. Bucci  Fabián G. Scholz  Guillermo Goldstein 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(9):763-772

On a local scale, topography influences microclimate, vegetation structure and the morpho-physiological attributes of plants. We studied the effects of microclimatic differences between NE- and SW-facing slopes on the water relations and hydraulic properties of two dominant shrubs of the Patagonian steppe in Argentina (Retanilla patagonica and Colliguaja integerrima). The NE-facing slope had higher irradiance and air saturation deficits and lower soil water availability and wind speed than the SW-facing slope. Predawn and midday Ψ_L and osmotic potentials were significantly lower in shrubs on the NE-facing slope. Osmotic adjustment and more elastic cell walls helped the plants to cope with a more xeric environment on NE-facing slope. Higher water deficits on NE-facing slope were partially compensated by a higher leaf and stem water storage. While stem hydraulic efficiency did not vary between slopes, leaf hydraulic conductance was between 40% and 300% higher on the NE-facing slope. Changes observed in leaf size and in SLA were consistent with responses to mechanical forces of wind (smaller and scleromorphic leaves on SW-facing slope). Morpho-physiological adjustments observed at a short spatial scale allow maintenance of midday Ψ_L above the turgor loss point and demonstrate that leaves are more responsive to microclimatic selective pressures than stems.  相似文献   

Surface energy and water vapor fluxes observed in a desert plantation in central Iran   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. Oliphant  P. Zawar-rezaG. Azizi  A. DehghanpourJ. Harrison 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(10):926-935

Summertime observations of surface radiation budget, energy balance and atmospheric surface layer meteorology were made on an arid valley floor planted with Haloxylon aphyllum to combat desertification in central Iran. The surface microclimate is characterized and compared with other arid regions and the role of ‘desert greening’ on surface fluxes is considered. A high surface albedo (0.265) and large longwave radiation loss produced relatively low net radiation. Energy partitioning was dominated by sensible and ground heat fluxes with opposing diurnal asymmetry governed by strong diurnal variability in eddy diffusivity. The Bowen ratio was 2.53, which fell inside the range of other vegetated arid surfaces. Surface temperature gradients were strong both in the atmospheric surface layer and in the substrate, with consistent lapse conditions by day and inversions at night. The wind regime included a moderate daytime regional wind which displayed Coriolis turning and weaker nocturnal slope flows. Actual evapotranspiration (1 mm dy⁻¹) was only a small fraction of potential evapotranspiration. The diurnal pattern of AET indicates strong stomatal control. The desert greening effect of Haloxylon plantations provided atmospheric water and reduced sensible heat flux by up to 40%.  相似文献   

黔南州太阳能资源普查分析     

宋启堃  杨军  易延勇 《云南地理环境研究》2011,23(2):102-104

利用黔南州1961～2010年50a的太阳日照时数资料,采用参考辐射站点的办法,对全州12个县市的太阳能资源进行了计算和分析评估,得出黔南州太阳能资源总体处于1 009.25～1 201.12 kW.h/m2.a,全州太阳能的高值区分布在州的南部,罗甸县、平塘县、独山县最高,而最差的则在州的西部长顺县,较差的为贵定县和瓮安县。  相似文献   

南极绕极流区中尺度涡动动能年际变化和转换机制   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

张文霞  孟祥凤 《极地研究》2011,23(1):42-48

采用多种资料研究南大洋南极绕极流(Antarctic Circumpolar Current,ACC)区中尺度涡的年际变化规律及机制.通过分析网格化融合卫星海洋资料AVISO(Archiving,Validation and Interpretation of Satellites Oceanographic DATA...  相似文献   

基于能源消费的中国不同产业空间的碳足迹分析   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8  

赵荣钦  黄贤金  钟太洋  彭佳雯 《地理学报(英文版)》2011,21(2):285-300

Using energy consumption and land use data of each region of China in 2007,this paper established carbon emission and carbon footprint model based on energy consumption,and estimated the carbon emission amount of fossil energy and rural biomass energy of dif-ferent regions of China in 2007.Through matching the energy consumption items with indus-trial spaces,this paper divided industrial spaces into five types:agricultural space,living & industrial-commercial space,transportation industrial space,fishery and water conservancy space,and other industrial space.Then the author analyzed the carbon emission intensity and carbon footprint of each industrial space.Finally,advices of decreasing industrial carbon footprint and optimizing industrial space pattern were put forward.The main conclusions are as following:(1) Total amount of carbon emission from energy consumption of China in 2007 was about 1.65 GtC,in which the proportion of carbon emission from fossil energy was 89%.(2) Carbon emission intensity of industrial space of China in 2007 was 1.98 t/hm2,in which,carbon emission intensity of living & industrial-commercial space and of transportation in-dustrial space was 55.16 t/hm2 and 49.65 t/hm2 respectively,they were high-carbon-emission industrial spaces among others.(3) Carbon footprint caused by industrial activities of China in 2007 was 522.34 106 hm2,which brought about ecological deficit of 28.69 106 hm2,which means that the productive lands were not sufficient to compensate for carbon footprint of industrial activities,and the compensating rate was 94.5%.As to the regional carbon footprint,several regions have ecological profit while others have not.In general,the present ecologi-cal deficit caused by industrial activities was small in 2007.(4) Per unit area carbon footprint of industrial space in China was about 0.63 hm2/hm2 in 2007,in which that of living & indus-trial-commercial space was the highest (17.5 hm2/hm2).The per unit area carbon footprint of different industrial spaces all presented a declining trend from east to west of China.  相似文献   

Thermal analysis of energy piles in sand     

Rajni Saggu 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2015,10(1):10-29

The present work investigates the behaviour of geothermal energy piles in sand subjected to thermal loading and the resulting soil-structure interaction, numerically using the finite element software Abaqus and user-defined material subroutines for soil. The stress-strain response of sand has been simulated using CASM constitutive model based on critical-state soil mechanics. Detailed parametric sensitivity studies have been carried out to understand the effects of different end conditions of the pile, relative densities of the soil, coefficients of lateral earth pressure of the ground, lengths and diameters of the pile, thermal loads, coefficients of friction at the pile-soil interface, critical-state friction angles of soil, thermal conductivity of soil, specific heat of soil and thermal conductivity of the pile on the stress response of soil, deformation of the pile and soil, and strains in the pile. The results show that negative shear stress is generated in the soil at the pile-soil interface. In the pile with both ends restrained the lateral earth pressure coefficient in soil increases due to high radial strain generation. Moreover, the lateral earth pressure coefficient in soil increases with the increase in the thermal load, the coefficient of friction at the pile-soil interface and the critical-state friction angle of the soil.  相似文献   

地表能量变化对多年冻土活动层融化过程的影响   总被引：11，自引：10，他引：1  

李韧  赵林  丁永建  王银学  杜二计  刘广岳  肖瑶  孙琳婵  刘杨  石伟 《冰川冻土》2011,33(6):1235-1242

利用青藏高原北部唐古拉综合观测场2006-2008年辐射平衡及活动层温度观测资料,分析了高原北部地表能量变化对活动层融化过程的影响.结果显示：该地地表能量具有明显的季节变化特征,总辐射、净辐射、土壤热通量及地面热源强度6-7月最大,11-12月最小;研究时段土壤热通量年平均值0.12MJ.m-2.d-1,活动层土壤以吸...  相似文献   

贝尔凹陷“源断势”对油成藏与分布的控制作用          下载免费PDF全文

付广  刘云燕 《地质科学》2011,46(4):1068-1078

为了研究贝尔凹陷源岩、断裂和势能场(简称“源断势”)控藏模式,采用油藏分布与源、断、势叠合方法,分别对油成藏、分布控制作用和控藏模式进行了研究,结果得到:1)南一段油源区控制着油藏形成与分布的范围;2)低势区控制着油聚集的部位;反向断裂翘倾隆起的低势区控制着南屯组和铜钵庙组油聚集成藏,反转构造低势区控制着大磨拐河组油聚...  相似文献